Chaque animal d'Adopt Me classé de S-Tier à D-Tier selon des données d'échanges réelles. Découvrez lesquels valent le plus et planifiez vos échanges.
The most valuable and rarest pets in Adopt Me. Shadow Dragon, Bat Dragon, Frost Dragon and other legendary exclusives.
Bat Dragon
910🔥 HOT
Shadow Dragon
668🔥 HOT
Giraffe
422🔥 HOT
Frost Dragon
290🔥 HOT
Owl
231🔥 HOT
Parrot
183🔥 HOT
Crow
163🔥 HOT
Balloon Unicorn
159🔥 HOT
Giant Panda
154🔥 HOT
African Wild Dog
149🔥 HOT
Cryptid
130🔥 HOT
Haetae
113
Blazing Lion
107
Evil Unicorn
105
Orchid Butterfly
104
Hedgehog
63.5🔥 HOT
Diamond Butterfly
61
Dalmatian
55.5🔥 HOT
Jekyll Hydra
50High-value pets that are highly sought after. Great for trading up towards the top.
Arctic Reindeer
44.5
Undead Jousting Horse
43.5
Mini Pig
41.5🔥 HOT
Hot Doggo
37
Goose
35🔥 HOT
Pelican
34🔥 HOT
Cow
34🔥 HOT
Mermicorn
33
Strawberry Shortcake Bat Dragon
31
Chocolate Chip Bat Dragon
28
Monkey King
27.5
Peppermint Penguin
26.75🔥 HOT
Sugar Glider
26
Cabbit
26🔥 HOT
Turtle
25
Siamese Cat
23🔥 HOT
Werewolf
22.5
Tortoiseshell Guinea Pig
21.25
Flamingo
21🔥 HOT
Kangaroo
19
Elephant
17.25🔥 HOT
Albino Monkey
17
Candyfloss Chick
16.5
Caterpillar
16🔥 HOT
Grim Dragon
15.5Solid mid-tier pets with consistent demand. These are excellent stepping stones for trading up.
Crocodile
14.5
Lion
14
Alpaca
14
Bush Elephant
14
Fairy Bat Dragon
13
Blue Dog
13🔥 HOT
Shark Puppy
12.5
Winged Tiger
12
Border Collie
12🔥 HOT
Frost Unicorn
11.5
Candicorn
10
Moonbeam Peacock
10
Emperor Gorilla
9.5
Jellyfish
9.25
Sea Slug
9.25
Munchkin Cat
8.75🔥 HOT
Pig
8.5🔥 HOT
Black-Chested Pheasant
8.25
Royal Mistletroll
8
Lion Cub
7.75
Arctic Fox
7.5
Many Mackerel
7.5
Pirate Ghost Capuchin Monkey
7.5
Pink Cat
7.5🔥 HOT
Red Dutch Guinea Pig
7.5
Irish Water Spaniel
7.25
Vampire Dragon
7
Tortuga de la Isla
6.75
Goat
6.75
Velocirooster
6.75
Bald Eagle
6.5
Mechapup
6.5
Shrew
6.5🔥 HOT
Frostbite Bear
6.5
Zombie Buffalo
6.25
Sugar Axolotl
6.25
Sheeeeep
6
Nessie
6
Cupid Dragon
5.75
Owlbear
5.75
Giant Anteater
5.75🔥 HOT
Phantom Dragon
5.5
Tió De Nadal
5.25
Field Mouse
5.25
Meerkat
5.25🔥 HOT
Aestus
5.25
Solaris
5.25
Frost Fury
5
Papa Moose
5
Tortuga De La Isla
5Average-value pets. Common in trades and easy to find, but useful for building up value.
Ring-Tailed Lemur
4.75🔥 HOT
Strawberry Penguin
4.75
Sakura Spirit
4.5
Groundhog
4.25
Platypus
4.25
Happy Clam
4.25
Lava Dragon
4.25
Hyena
4.25🔥 HOT
Silverback Gorilla
4.25
Honey Badger
4
Christmas Pudding Pup
4
Caelum Cervi
4
Fallow Deer
4
Brown Bear
4
Tri-Horned Treehopper
4
Midnight Dragon
3.75
Halloween White Ghost Dragon
3.75
Polar Bear
3.75
Glacier Moth
3.5
Puffin
3.5
Diamond Amazon
3.5
Pineapple Owl
3.5
Alley Cat
3.25
Aurora Fox
3.25
Glacier Kitsune
3.25
Hare
3.25
Purple Butterfly
3
Dancing Dragon
3
Dragonfruit Fox
3
Giant Gold Scarab
2.75
Glormy Leo
2.75
Jousting Horse
2.75
Moose Calf
2.75
Diamond Albatross
2.5
Arctic Dusk Dragon
2.5
Rose Dragon
2.5
Llama
2.25
Diamond Hummingbird
2.25
Majestic Pony
2.25
Ice Cream Hermit Crab
2.15
Cheetah
2.15
Turkey
2
Flaming Fox
2
Lavender Dragon
2
Tree Kangaroo
2
Husky
2
Dango Penguins
2
Sushi Penguin
2
Kookaburra
1.99
Wood Pigeon
1.97
Slime
1.92
Diamond Hamster
1.85
Golden Penguin
1.85
Corn Doggo
1.85
Swan
1.85
Peahen
1.85
Lamb
1.8
Ice Golem
1.75
Glormy Hound
1.75
Candy Hare
1.75
Silly Duck
1.75🔥 HOT
Hero Gibbon
1.75
Golden Chow-Chow
1.65
Albino Gorilla
1.65
Leviathan
1.65
Latte Kitsune
1.65
Mule
1.58
Diamond King Penguin
1.5
Diamond Ladybug
1.5
Wild Boar
1.5🔥 HOT
2D Kitty
1.5
Chocolate Dutch Guinea Pig
1.5
Ice Wolf
1.47
Leopard Shark
1.43
Queen Bee
1.4
Ram
1.37
Naughty Mistletroll
1.35
Ninja Monkey
1.35
Capybara
1.35🔥 HOT
Scorching Kaijunior
1.35
Frost Phoenix
1.35
Skele-Rex
1.25
Green Butterfly
1.25
Rhino
1.25
Chicken
1.25🔥 HOT
Black Panther
1.25🔥 HOT
Royal Corgi
1.2
Snow Monkey
1.15
Rainbow Dragon
1.15
Drake
1.15🔥 HOT
Prismatic Butterfly
1.15
Harp Seal
1.14🔥 HOT
German Shepherd
1.12
Yule Log Dog
1.1
Burger Bear
1.1
Firefly
1.05
Red Sand Dollar
1.03
White Sand Dollar
1.03
Chef Gorilla
1
Capricorn
1
Phoenix
1
Shark
1
Dodo
1
Golden Rat
1Low-value pets that are easy to obtain. Start here and trade up over time.
Violet Butterfly
0.98
Vanilla Penguin
0.98
Puffer Fish
0.97
Astronaut Gorilla
0.97
Moonbeam Butterfly
0.97
Goldhorn
0.95
Pirate Hermit Crab
0.95
Cerberus
0.95
French Bulldog
0.95
Ghost Bunny
0.93
Spinosaurus
0.93
Toy Monkey
0.9
T-Rex
0.9
Octopus
0.9
English Sheepdog
0.9
Peach Owl
0.89
Apple Owl
0.89
Axolotl
0.88
Peacock
0.88
Gaelic Fae
0.87
Brown Springer Spaniel
0.85
Black Springer Spaniel
0.85
Unicorn
0.85
Cactus Friend
0.85
Lava Wolf
0.85
Kelp Captain
0.85
Mini Schnauzer
0.84
Panda
0.8
Royal Capuchin Monkey
0.8
Naga Dragon
0.8
Golden Walrus
0.8
Gargoyle
0.8
Volcanic Rhino
0.8
Reindeer
0.8
Water Rabbit
0.79
Princess Capuchin Monkey
0.77
Evil Rock
0.77
Orange Butterfly
0.76
White Amazon
0.75
Snow Owl
0.75
Shetland Pony Light Brown
0.75
Influencer Gibbon
0.75
Lynx
0.73
Moon Rabbit
0.73
Binturong
0.72
Seabed Creeper
0.71
Cuddly Candle
0.7
Squid
0.7
Chameleon
0.7
Golden Ladybug
0.7
Mushroom Friend
0.7
Sunrise Duckling
0.7
Black Widow
0.7
Ranger Beaver
0.7
Snowball Pet
0.68
Kiwi
0.68
Business Monkey
0.67
Zombie Wolf
0.66
Wooly Rhino
0.65
Pretty Pony
0.65
Gilded Snake
0.65
Golden Hamster
0.65
Winged Horse
0.65
Green-Chested Pheasant
0.65
Guardian Lion
0.65
Billy Goat
0.65
Scarebear
0.65
Ghost Dog
0.63
Karate Gorilla
0.62
Golden King Penguin
0.62
Great Pyrenees
0.62
Yeti
0.61
Hippogriff
0.6
Black Chow-Chow
0.6
Chocolate Chow-Chow
0.6
Dimorphodon
0.6
Hawk
0.6
Fleur De Ice
0.6
Baku
0.6
Dire Stag
0.6
Dylan
0.6
Pistachio
0.6
River
0.6
Shadow Dragon Ducky
0.58
King Bee
0.57
Criosphinx
0.57
Winter Buck
0.57
Chimera
0.55
Maneki-Neko
0.55
Ice Moth Dragon
0.55
Kitsune
0.55
Golden Albatross
0.52
Strawberry Shortcake Ducky
0.52
Black Macaque
0.5
Robo Dog
0.5
Blue Betta Fish
0.5
Cobra
0.5
Mecha Meow
0.5
Amami Rabbit
0.5🔥 HOT
Priceless Shrimp
0.5
Emberlight
0.49
Halloween Golden Mummy Cat
0.48
Irish Elk
0.48
Kitty Bat
0.48
Royal Palace Spaniel
0.47
Frostbite Cub
0.47
Super Saru
0.47
Bunny Swirl
0.47
Horse
0.46
Blue Ringed Octopus
0.45
Griffin
0.45
Pupcake
0.45
Frostclaw
0.44
Red Squirrel
0.43
Coconut Friend
0.43
Space Whale
0.42
Flaming Zebra
0.42
Quokka
0.42
Golden Hummingbird
0.4
Berry Cool Cube
0.4
Scarecrow Crow
0.4
Lunar Moon Bear
0.4
Musk Ox
0.4
Happy Duckling
0.4
Ash Zebra
0.4🔥 HOT
Golden Jaguar
0.39
Villain Gibbon
0.39
Nautilus
0.38
Sunglider
0.38
Evil Chick
0.38
Dimension Drifter
0.37
Shiver Wolf
0.37
Headless Horse
0.36
Kraken
0.36
Chipmunk
0.36
Highland Cow
0.35
Hippo
0.35
Primal Kaijunior
0.35
Glormy Dolphin
0.35
Rosy Maple Moth
0.34
Tasmanian Devil
0.34
Tarsier
0.34
Chick
0.34🔥 HOT
Manta Ray
0.34
Flower Power Duckling
0.33
Striped Eggy
0.33
Gecko
0.33
Castle Hermit Crab
0.32
Therapy Dog
0.32
Giant Blue Scarab
0.31
Slimingo
0.31
Angus Bull
0.31
St Bernard
0.3
Rooster
0.3
Burning Bunny
0.3
Mr Whiskerpips
0.3
Cow Calf
0.3
Moonlight Moth
0.3
Wolf
0.3
Fire Mare
0.3
Toasty Red Panda
0.29
Preppy Capuchin Monkey
0.29
Leopard Cat
0.29
Eggnog Dog
0.29
Koala
0.28
Frog
0.28
Lunar Gold Tiger
0.28
Koi Carp
0.28
Canadian Goose
0.28
Peachick
0.28
Merry Mistletroll
0.27
Peregrine Falcon
0.27
Candy Cane Snail
0.27
Inmate Capuchin Monkey
0.27
Kage Crow
0.27
Evil Basilisk
0.26
Diamond Unicorn
0.26
Goldfish
0.26
Albino Bat
0.25
Pumpkin Friend
0.25
Partridge
0.25
Penguin
0.25
Halloween White Skeleton Dog
0.25
Gingerbread Hare
0.25
Metal Ox
0.25
Longhorn Cow
0.25
Glyptodon
0.25
Mirai Moth
0.25
Hamster
0.24
Nightmare Owl
0.24
Evil Chickatrice
0.24
King Penguin
0.24
Scarecrow Cat
0.24
Summer Walrus
0.24
Momma Moose
0.24
Vermilion Butterfly
0.24
Glormy Crab
0.24
Indian Flying Fox
0.23
Gingerbread Reindeer
0.23
Clownfish
0.23
Cassowary
0.23
Green Amazon
0.22
Brown-Chested Pheasant
0.22
Seagull
0.22
Water Moon Bear
0.22
Zodiac Minion Chick
0.22
Pudding Cat
0.22
Lobster
0.22
Mecha R4BBIT
0.22
Dirty Ducky
0.22🔥 HOT
Giant Black Scarab
0.21
Rice Cake Rabbit
0.21
Wildfire Hawk
0.21
Albatross
0.21
Diamond Dragon
0.21
Halloween Evil Dachshund
0.21
Tanuki
0.21
Winter Doe
0.2
Bauble Buddies
0.2
Sprout Snail
0.2
Shetland Pony White
0.2
Golden Tortoise Beetle
0.2
Dracula Parrot
0.2
Raccoon
0.2
Ringmaster Gibbon
0.2
Kappakid
0.2
Seafoam Butterfly
0.2
Choco Penguin
0.2
Snowball Pug
0.2
Hummingbird
0.19
Elasmosaurus
0.19
Magma Moose
0.19
Magma Snail
0.19
Fanghorn Tortoise
0.19
Sloth
0.19
Diamond Griffin
0.19
Love Bird
0.19
Malaysian Tapir
0.19🔥 HOT
Officer Gibbon
0.19
Firefighter Gibbon
0.19
Tan Chow-Chow
0.18
Pink Betta Fish
0.18
Golden Unicorn
0.18
Feesh
0.18
Ibex
0.18
Ostrich
0.18
Red Fox
0.18
Toy Poodle
0.18
Coyote
0.18🔥 HOT
2021 Uplift Butterfly
0.18
Sweetheart Rat
0.18
Icy Porcupine
0.18
Snowy Mammoth
0.18
Frozen Penguin
0.18
Ghostly Cat
0.18
Christmas Spirit
0.18
Clementine Owl
0.18
Dire Wolf
0.18
Puptune
0.17
Wyvern
0.17
Black Kite
0.17
Alicorn
0.17
Singularity Pisces
0.17
Rat
0.17
Sasquatch
0.17
Bird Of Paradise
0.17
Subzero Scorpion
0.17
Quetzalcoatl
0.17
Temple Friend
0.17
Maine Coon
0.17
Deinonychus
0.16
Sabertooth
0.16
Skunk
0.16
Praying Mantis
0.16
Komodo Dragon
0.16
Ghost Chick
0.16
Diamond Mahi Mahi
0.16
Starhopper
0.16
Singularity Beetle
0.16
Punk Pony
0.16
2022 Uplift Butterfly
0.16
Ermine
0.16
Scarlet Butterfly
0.15
Deathstalker Scorpion
0.15
Hydra
0.15
Vulture
0.15
Roadrunner
0.15
Ornate Horned Frog
0.15
Gingerbread Mouse
0.15
Ladybug
0.15
Grave Owl
0.15
Lammergeier
0.15
Dragon
0.15
Nutcracker Squirrel
0.15
Bloodhound
0.15
Clover Cow
0.15
Mrs Whiskerpips
0.15
Old King Coal
0.15
Tealwood Monster
0.15
Orca
0.14
Pomeranian
0.14
Cold Cube
0.14
Red Crowned Crane
0.14
Trapdoor Snail
0.14
Spider Crab
0.14
Nebula Snake
0.14
Blossom Snake
0.14
Prism Snake
0.14
Steppe Lion
0.14
Undead Elk
0.14
Classic Teapot
0.14🔥 HOT
Snow Leopard
0.14
Birthday Butterfly 2024
0.14
Toxic Kaijunior
0.14
Chilling Spider
0.14
The Black Dog
0.14
Sea Turtle
0.14
Gumball Caterpillar
0.14
Lionfish
0.13
Pine Marten
0.13
Salamander
0.13
Golden Dragon
0.13
Golden Griffin
0.13
Basilisk
0.13
Pterodactyl
0.13
Dilophosaurus
0.13
Ankylosaurus
0.13
Narwhal
0.13
Halloween White Mummy Cat
0.13
Robin
0.13🔥 HOT
Eel
0.13
Cute-A-Cabra
0.13
Dolphin
0.13
Snowman
0.13
Kelp Hunter
0.13
Skelebat
0.13
Cozy Mistletroll
0.13
Blue Whale
0.13
Starfish
0.12
Floral Eggy
0.12
Toucan
0.12
Ginger Cat
0.12
Marabou Stork
0.12
Woolly Mammoth
0.12
Australian Kelpie
0.12
Monkey
0.12
Brachiosaurus
0.12🔥 HOT
Chickatrice
0.12
Triceratops
0.12
Stegosaurus
0.12
Warthog
0.12
Crab
0.12
Bat
0.12
Hammerhead Shark
0.12
Emperor Shrimp
0.12
Fire Stallion
0.12
Dark Choccybunny
0.12
Easter Bunny
0.12
Oakee Wizard
0.12
Bee
0.11
Lunar White Tiger
0.11
Sea Angel
0.11
Eggnog Hare
0.11
Emu
0.11
Seahorse
0.11
Dugong
0.11
Cockroach
0.11🔥 HOT
Birthday Butterfly 2023
0.11
2025 Birthday Butterfly
0.11
DJ Snooze
0.11
Mochi Meow
0.11
Purrowl
0.11
Starmite
0.1
Lunar Ox
0.1
Ancient Dragon
0.1
Dragonfly
0.1
Merhorse
0.1
Scarecrow Horse
0.1
Ghost Wolf
0.1
Black Moon Bear
0.1
Yellow Butterfly
0.1
Mongoose
0.1
Liger
0.1
Rock
0.1
Halloween Blue Scorpion
0.1
Arctic Hare
0.1
Halloween Black Mummy Cat
0.1
Fossa
0.1
Onza
0.1
Samoyed
0.1
Storm Condor
0.1
Winter Fawn
0.09
Ice Cube
0.09
Ibis
0.09
Woodpecker
0.09
Poison Dart Frog
0.09
Indian Leopard
0.09
Tasmanian Tiger
0.09
Ground Sloth
0.09
Stingray
0.09
Mistletroll
0.09
Dingo
0.09
Slug
0.09
Kirin
0.09
Hermit Crab
0.09
Frogspawn
0.09
Turtle Doves
0.09
Angus Calf
0.09
Waffle Wyrm
0.09
Persian Cat
0.08
Capuchin Monkey
0.08
Oryx
0.08
Thorny Devil
0.08
Zombie Chick
0.08
Hopbop
0.08
Ghost
0.08
Urchin
0.08
Show Pony
0.08
Sea Skeleton Panda
0.08
Rodeo Bull
0.08
Black Marlin
0.08
Scarecrow
0.08
Arctic Tern
0.08
Possum
0.08
Velociraptor
0.08
Kaijunior
0.08
Kelp Raider
0.08
Kelp Crewmate
0.08
Ehecatl
0.08
Tarantula
0.08
Grinmoire
0.07
Moonpine
0.07
Zeopod
0.07
Shetland Pony Dark Brown
0.07
Kid Goat
0.07
Walrus
0.07
Bandicoot
0.07
Beluga Whale
0.07
Rattlesnake
0.07
Gila Monster
0.07
Yellow-Lipped Sea Krait
0.07
Banded Palm Civet
0.07
Angler Fish
0.07
Borhyaena Gigantica
0.07
Tawny Frogmouth
0.07
Rock Pigeon
0.07
Wren
0.07
Tree Sasquatch
0.07
Gold Mahi Mahi
0.06
Blue Jay
0.06
Dotted Eggy
0.06
Orange Betta Fish
0.06
Lunar Tiger
0.06
Ox
0.06
Maleo Bird
0.06
Bali Starling
0.06
Wolpertinger
0.06
Bullfrog
0.06
Armadillo
0.06
Sandfish
0.06
Sado Mole
0.06
Snorgle
0.06
Dracula Fish
0.06
Rhino Beetle
0.06
Red Cardinal
0.06
Jumping Spider
0.06
Fire Foal
0.06
Red Panda Ducky
0.06
Rainbow Trout
0.06
River Otter
0.06
Ribbon Seal
0.05
Badger
0.05
Weevil
0.05
Gorilla
0.05
Frankenfeline
0.05
Bluebottle Fly
0.05
Mosquito
0.05
Piranha
0.05
Mole
0.05
Amber Butterfly
0.05
Magpie
0.05
Cherub Chipmunk
0.05
Nurse Shark
0.05
Oakee Knight
0.05
White Choccybunny
0.05
Pangolin
0.05
Black-Footed Ferret
0.05
Unicorn Ducky
0.04
Swordfish
0.04
Ocelot
0.04
Abyssinian Cat
0.04
Ratatoskr
0.04
Flying Fish
0.04
Angelfish
0.04
Gibbon
0.04
Water Opossum
0.04
Chanekeh
0.04
Patchy Bear
0.04
Humbug
0.04
Sneak Weasel
0.04
Bison
0.04
Gecko Ducky
0.04
Clubtail Dragonfly
0.04
Irish Setter
0.04
Stygian Owl
0.04
Corgi
0.04
Robot
0.04
Shiba Inu
0.04
Red Panda
0.04
Bunny
0.03
Rabbit
0.03
Garden Snake
0.03
Bakeneko
0.03
Muskrat
0.03
Blue Butterfly
0.03
Island Tarsier
0.03
Aye Aye
0.03
Angus Cow
0.03
Mexican Wolf
0.03
Black Rhino
0.03
Gummy Guana
0.03
Sheepdog Ducky
0.03
Tree Frog
0.03
Japanese Snow Fairy
0.03
Cocoadile
0.03
Milk Choccybunny
0.03
Glyptodon Ducky
0.03
Pilot Gull
0.03
Oakee
0.03
Zebra
0.02
Orangutan
0.02
Parakeet
0.02
Snow Puma
0.02
Beaver
0.02
Poodle
0.02
Mahi Mahi
0.02
Shih Tzu
0.02
Black Tiger
0.02
Kakapo
0.02
Donkey
0.02
Snow Cat
0.02
Fennec Fox
0.02
Chocolate Labrador
0.02
Puma
0.02
Camel
0.02
Tegu
0.02
Jiggly Jerboa
0.02
Galapagos Sea Lion
0.01
California Condor
0.01
Rubber Ducky
0.01
Mouse
0.01
Buffalo
0.01
Ant
0.01
Otter
0.01
Dog
0.01
Cat
0.01Notre tier list Adopt Me classe chaque animal en fonction des valeurs d'échange réelles issues de milliers d'échanges communautaires. Les animaux sont regroupés dans les tiers S, A, B, C et D afin que vous puissiez rapidement voir lesquels sont les plus précieux et lesquels constituent de bons échanges. Consultez notre liste complète des valeurs Adopt Me pour les prix exacts de chaque animal.
La tier list se met à jour quotidiennement à mesure que les valeurs évoluent. Les animaux S-Tier incluent des légendaires exclusifs comme le Shadow Dragon, le Bat Dragon et le Frost Dragon — les animaux les plus recherchés du jeu. Utilisez notre Calculatrice d'Échanges pour vérifier si un échange entre des animaux de tiers différents est équitable.
Les meilleurs animaux d'Adopt Me en 2026 sont le Shadow Dragon, le Bat Dragon, le Frost Dragon, la Giraffe, le Blue Dog et le Pink Cat. Ces animaux S-Tier sont les plus rares et précieux car ils proviennent d'événements en temps limité ou d'œufs retirés qui ne sont plus disponibles. Leurs valeurs continuent d'augmenter à mesure que moins de copies restent en circulation.
Cette tier list est basée sur les valeurs d'échange réelles de notre communauté de milliers de joueurs Adopt Me. Nous suivons chaque soumission d'échange et analysons la demande du marché pour attribuer sa valeur à chaque animal. Les animaux sont ensuite regroupés dans les tiers S, A, B, C et D selon leur valeur. Les valeurs sont mises à jour quotidiennement, la tier list reflète donc toujours le marché d'échange Adopt Me le plus récent. Visitez notre liste complète des valeurs pour voir les prix exacts.
La meilleure stratégie pour progresser dans Adopt Me est de commencer avec plusieurs animaux de tiers inférieurs et de monter progressivement. Par exemple, regroupez plusieurs animaux B-Tier pour obtenir un A-Tier, puis combinez des A-Tiers pour un S-Tier. Utilisez notre Calculatrice d'Échanges pour vous assurer que chaque échange en cours de route est équitable. Soyez patient — précipiter les échanges entraîne souvent des pertes.
